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Cider Mill

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New Jersey, Morris County, Mendham Twp
Built as stone gristmill by John Nesbitt around 1848. Purchased about 1908 by Thomas Loughlin for distillery which produced “Tiger” applejack until prohibition.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Black Diamonds of Sheridan County

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Wyoming, Sheridan County, Sheridan
What Began with "Wagon Mines" ...
Ranches in Sheridan County accessed outcrops of coal with pick and shovel as early as 1880. Known as "wagon mines" because people loaded the coal directly into wagons, these mines served the local population, providing heat and cooking fuel for homes and businesses.

... the Railroad Spurred to Fruition
Full scale development of the area coal mines followed the arrival of the Burlington and Missouri Railroad (part of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad) in 1892. The railroad used the coal itself and hauled it to distant markets. The investment and labor needed to build large-scale mines came from outside the region, with over 20 nationalities eventually being represented in the Sheridan County coal mines.

Coal Booms and Busts (Timeline)
1890s Demand due to industrialization creates boom in coal industry.
1914-1918 World War I - war-time demand creates coal boom.
1921 Coal prices crash as coal is replaced by natural gas.
1939-1945 World War II - war-time demand creates coal boom.
1945 Decades long busy begins as locomotives switch to diesel fuel. Natural gas and oil continue to replace coal.
1953 Last underground mine in Sheridan County closes, first open pit mine opens.
1970s Coal boom returns with oil embargo and continues through 1012 as coal from the Powder River Basin helps to fuel the world.

(Industry & Commerce) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Flanders Historic District

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New Jersey, Morris County, Flanders
Pre-Revolutionary Village achieved greatest prosperity 1827-1859. Buildings include Stone Mill, Miller’s House, United Methodist Episcopal Church, Parsonage, General Store, and Creamery, 1909. First pasteurizing plant in New Jersey.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Community of Valley Spring

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Texas, Llano County, near Llano
O.C.J. Phillips, first settler, arrived in 1853. Whistleville combined with Bugscuffle to form Valley Spring, with post office established 1878.
     This was birthplace of James Field Smathers (1888-1967), inventor of electric typewriter.

(Industry & Commerce • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Cary Station

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New Jersey, Morris County, Ledgewood
Crossroad flagstop built by William S. Cary who utilized Central Railroad to transport Kaolin and fire sand mined on his farm. Estate house occupied by Cary family continuously from 1769-1950.

(Colonial Era • Railroads & Streetcars) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Silas Riggs House

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New Jersey, Morris County, Ledgewood
Pre-Revolutionary salt box dwelling least altered on the Suckasunny Plains. Built by Captain Silas Riggs, who operated three boats on nearby Morris Canal. Moved to present site 1962

(Settlements & Settlers • Waterways & Vessels) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Pontotoc and San Fernando Academy

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Texas, Mason County, Pontotoc
Pontotoc, settled about 1859, was named by first merchant, M.R. Kidd, for his former home town in Mississippi. Post office was opened in 1878 in the B.J. Willis home, with Mrs. Willis postmaster.
     Founded by interested citizens, San Fernando Academy (probably named for nearby creek), opened 1883. Pupils (200 during academy's career) took regular subjects or courses leading toward teacher certificates. Principals were K.T. Hamilton and W.C. Roaten. After academy failed, site was sold by W.J. and B.J. Willis and used by the public school until 1927.

(Education • Settlements & Settlers) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Whetstone Valley Rest Area

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South Dakota, Roberts County, near Wilmont
You are standing on top of the Coteau des Prairies (Hills of the Prairies) overlooking the rich Whetstone Valley. This landscape was carved out some 20,000 years ago by a massive glacier which extended approximately 2,000 feet above where you now stand. Thirty miles northeast between Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake is a continental divide. This line separates waters which flow north to the Hudson Bay and south to the Gulf of Mexico.

The remains of a human and his flint tools, radiocarbon dated to around 7,000 years B.C., were found near Lake Traverse, northeast of here. As you view the valley below, you may be looking at one of the earliest inhabited areas in the western hemisphere.

The Dakota (Isanti), comprised of the Sissetonwan, Wahpetonwan, Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands moved into this region around 1679. The Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton was established north of here by the Treaty of 1867, following the Dakota Conflict of 1862 in Minnesota. The Sisseton - Wahpeton Sioux tribal head-quarters, BIA, Tiospa Zina Tribal School and the Sisseton - Wahpeton Community College now occupy the Old Agency site. In 1890, the Sisseton - Wahpeton Sioux Tribe ceded this area to the United States. From 1874 to 1889, the U.S. Army occupied a military post at Fort Sisseton. The site, located northwest of here, is now a state park.

Fur traders arrived in the early 1800's establishing trading posts in the area. The missionaries followed in 1869. White settlement began in earnest in 1892. Homesteaders paid $2.50 per acre after living on the land for five years. Congress later repealed the cash requirement and gave the land to those who had stayed on the land the required time. The Whetstone Valley is now a rich and diverse agricultural community.

From the Coteau des Prairies, in a place much the same where you now stand. Joseph N. Nicollet, a French cartographer who mapped this area for the U.S. government between 1838-39, wrote: "In the summer season especially, everything upon the prairies Is cheerful, graceful and animated. The Indians with herds of deer, antelope, and buffalo give life and motion to them. It is then they should be visited, and I pity the man whose soul could remain unmoved under such a scene of excitement."

Our hope is that your visit to this Rest Area will enable you to appreciate the "life and motion" of the Coteau des Prairies its spectacular beauty, its history and its Proud culture.

(Native Americans • Settlements & Settlers • Anthropology) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.


Uncle Burt's Tree

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California, Solano County, Vacaville
This famous Black Walnut tree has provided the nuts for starting over 100 walnut groves in California. It gave shade for travelers and their teams who enjoyed the Wykoff Ranch hospitality of the cool water well nearby. It is said to have been planted when Burt Wykoff (1886-1977) was born. Uncle Burt deeded that the tree is to remain in place until it dies. Uncle Burt is gone, but his tree lives on. Plaque dedicated 2002
Vacaville Historical Marker Committee

(Horticulture & Forestry) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Battle of Brandy Station

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Virginia, Culpeper County, near Brandy Station
Following his stunning victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee formulated a plan to invade the North. In preparation for his army's secret withdrawal from Fredericksburg, Lee ordered his cavalry into Culpeper County to screen and protect the impending shift of his infantry and artillery toward the Shenandoah Valley. Federal cavalry, just across the Rappahannock River to the north, discovered the presence of Southern horsemen here.

Union Gen. Joseph Hooker, commander of the Army of the Potomac, promptly ordered his Cavalry Corps under Gen. Alfred Pleasonton to "disperse and destroy" the enemy cavalry. At dawn June 9, 1863, Federal cavalry boldly attacked Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry division around Fleetwood Hill and came within a whisker of defeating the Confederate mounted forces. At the end of the day, Union cavalry withdrew across the Rappahannock River. With more than 20,000 soldiers fighting it was the largest cavalry action of the war - and one that also began the fateful Gettysburg Campaign. Roughly 1,500 men were killed, wounded, or captured in this momentous clash.

"On June 9, 1863, there was fought a cavalry battle the influence of which was so great and far reaching that it must always hold a place in the annals of American cavalry." - Gen. David M. Gregg, Cavalry Corps, USA

"A great drama was about to begin, to end the conclusive struggle of the war, but at this moment came the sudden clash in Culpeper, precluding the thunder at Cemetery Hill." - Capt. John Esten Cooke, Cavalry Division, CSA

(War, US Civil) Includes location, directions, 5 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Four Points: One of Several Black Business Hubs in Montgomery

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery

Four Points: One of Several Black Business Hubs in Montgomery, and the Impact of Desegregation on Black Business Districts

The intersection of Mildred and Moore Streets was once home to Four Points, a thriving black business district. The neighborhood streets were filled with locally owned grocery stores, dentists, shops, gas stations, and professional offices. Mothers and children walked after school to shops and visited with neighbors and community leaders. Family owned businesses thrived in neighborhood districts throughout West Montgomery However, it was not to last.

As courts set landmark legislation outlawing racial segregation and the Interstate Highway Act began reshaping vast areas of black communities, Montgomery's historic black neighborhoods began losing residents due to forced relocation, which decimated customers and revenue for local businesses. One of the unintended effects of desegregation was ultimately the destruction of the historic black business districts and the communities themselves.

(Industry & Commerce • Civil Rights • African Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Black Churches Provide Significant Support for the March and Voting

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery
As the social and cultural epicenters of Montgomery's black communities in the 1950s and 1960s, black churches also played a political role, providing sanctuary and strength against discrimination On December 5, 1955 following the first day of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Montgomery Improvement Association was formed at Mt. Zion AME Zion Church. The MIA was established to oversee the continuation of the boycott, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. a young minister new to Montgomery, was elected its chairman president that night. King delivered its first speech just minutes later at the Holt Street Baptist Church down the street with several thousand community members in attendance. He spoke of the need for nonviolent protest coupled with unfailing resolve. King's speech ended to thundering applause, as Ralph Abernathy read the resolutions aloud to the crowd including not to ride the buses until their demands were met. The crowd voted overwhelmingly in favor, and the boycott continued until December 21, 1956 when segregated seating on public buses was abolished in Montgomery

The combination of mass nonviolent protest with Christian ethics became the model for challenging segregation in the South, and the churches in these thriving black communities deserve much of the credit for that success.

(Churches, Etc. • Civil Rights • African Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Highway Construction Destroys Historic Black Neighborhoods

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorized the construction of 41,000 miles of the Interstate Highway System over a ten year period - the largest public works project in American history to that time.

State and city officials sought locations for the new interstates where transportation paths were reasonable, but also in areas where land acquisition costs were low. Many of these "right of way" areas were selected in minority communities throughout the US. In the South, examples of strategic targeting of black communities have been documented, including Birmingham, New Orleans, Miami and Montgomery.

Interstates 85 and 65 intersect precisely at the heart of the historic black community that was instrumental in the civil rights movement Known today as "The Cloverleaf," this intersection and the surrounding interstates construction targeted where the leadership and strength of the movement was grounded including its strongest churches organizations, and thriving black neighborhoods.

Entire communities vanished as residents were relocated and businesses closed. The remaining structures of Holt Street Baptist Church (home of the first mass meeting of the Montgomery Bus Boycott), Mount Zion AME Church, First CME Church and Loveless School stand as sentinels of the ravages of time and politics.

(Roads & Vehicles • African Americans) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

From Bus Boycott to Voting Rights: Community Activism 1955-65

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery
The foundation of the civil rights movement was based in the grassroots strength of West Montgomery. The historic black communities located along this route provided the leadership and support for over a decade. Whether it was the clergymen, the local business owners, or the individual families, everyone played a role in the longevity and determination of the movement.

During the 13-month Montgomery Bus Boycott, community leaders encouraged Montgomery "everyday residents" to continue the long walks to work and home. The churches provided respite and support each week, reminding people that their suffering was for a higher cause.

(Industry & Commerce • Civil Rights • African Americans) Includes location, directions, 2 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Support: Local and Organizational

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Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery
The civil rights movement in Montgomery was born from the support of both organized groups and individual residents. The day-in-day-out support came from local citizens, who were guided by groups on both the local and the national level.

The Montgomery lmprovement Association (MIA) was formed in Montgomery at Mt. Zion AME Zion Church on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders. Under the leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott the nonviolent protest campaign that first focused national attention on segregation and catapulted King into the national spotlight. The MIA utilized carpools and weekly gatherings with sermons and music to keep morale high.

The MIA coordinated with the larger National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on legal challenges to the city's bus segregation ordinance. The MIA helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in January 1957. The SCLC and the national Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), founded in 1960, brought different approaches to activism. These newer groups, along with the MIA, relied on mass mobilization rather than litigation and legislation to advance the rights of black citizens. Ultimately the organizations and the individuals guaranteed the legacy of the movement.

(Churches, Etc. • Civil Rights • African Americans) Includes location, directions, 4 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

The Charles Goodnight Memorial Trail

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Texas, Randall County, Canyon
The highway from this museum to the Palo Duro State Park (12 miles east) approximates course used by Charles Goodnight, outstanding Texas cowman and trail blazer, when he trailed 1600 cattle from Colorado to found first ranch on the staked plains of Texas in 1876.

He entered precipitous Palo Duro Canyon by way of old Comanche Indian trail; drove thousands of buffalo from what is now park area; established his home ranch a few miles farther down canyon.

Goodnight was born in Illinois, March 5, 1836. At age of 9 he rode bareback to Texas behind covered wagon driven by his parents; he hunted with Caddo Indians beyond the frontier at 14; guided Texas Rangers fighting Comanche and Kiowas at 25; blazed cattle trails about 2,000 miles long with Oliver Loving at 30.

In partnership with John G. Adair, he expanded his original Palo Duro ranch into the giant JA and other holdings of more than a million acres and 100,000 cattle. He preserved the buffalo, founded a college, encouraged the settlement of the plains and led in a long fight for law and order.

This foremost plainsman died March 12, 1929; and is buried at Goodnight, Texas.

(Roads & Vehicles • Animals) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

T-Anchor Ranch

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Texas, Randall County, Canyon
Built by Leigh R. Dyer, 1877, of logs cut from Palo Duro Canyon. Oldest surviving house in Texas Panhandle.

Dyer did first Panhandle farming. Sold 1878, to Gunter, Summerfield and Munson. Became center of area ranching and development.

Recorded Texas Historic Landmark – 1967

(Agriculture) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Revolutionary War

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Arkansas, Benton County, Bella Vista

The American Revolution was a conflict between England and thirteen of her colonies in North America. Following years of taxation, suppression, and subjugation by the British, fighting began at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts in 1775. A scant two months later the British attempted to break the colonial siege of Boston, and the Battle of Bunker Hill took place, but the gallant American defense heightened the colonists[’] morale. It was immediately preceding this battle that the phrase, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes”, was heard. The Declaration of Independence was declared in July 1776. Small and fragmented American Naval forces made crucial contributions to the war’s success. They captured enemy merchant ships and provided vitally needed supplies to General Washington’s Army.

[Image] Battle of Bunker Hill

In many respects, the year 1777 was the most critical year in our young nation’s history. The Saratoga Campaign identified the Green Mountain Boys (Vermont and New Hampshire) and Colonel Daniel Morgan’s Sharp Shooters (Virginia), both elements were active in the victory at the Battle of Bennington. Many consider this campaign to be the most decisive of the war; not only did it encourage the patriots, but it induced the French to fully join the cause. Meanwhile, General Washington established his main camp at Valley Forge near Philadelphia in the winter of 1777-78. His army had dwindled by half to some 10,000 and these were held together by their loyalty to Washington and the patriotic cause. Two distinguished foreigners, General Lafayette and General von Steuben drilled and organized the men, transforming them into a cohesive and integrated military force.

[Image] Valley Forge

Operations in the south were keeping pace with those to the north. Some historians have described the strategy of patriot Generals’ Greene and Morgan as brilliant. Greene’s ability to draw General Cornwallis away from his base in Charleston, South Carolina up into North Carolina was vital to the successful southern campaign. General Morgan’s astounding victory at the Battle of Cowpens was a skillful tactical accomplishment. The British lost 100 killed (including 39 officers), 230 wounded, and 600 captured to 12 patriots killed and 61 wounded. General Morgan is the same person who commanded the Virginia Sharp Shooters in the successful Saratoga Campaign. It has been stated that General Greene was defeated tactically in nearly every battle, but his campaign was a strategic success from start to finish.

[Map showing] “The American Revolution – Denoting Achievement, Expressing Greatness, and Signifying Independence”

(War, US Revolutionary • Patriots & Patriotism) Includes location, directions, 6 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Georgia O'Keeffe in Canyon

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Texas, Randall County, Canyon
Renowned artist Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (1887-1986) was born in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin to Francis and Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe. The family moved to Virginia, where O'Keeffe and her siblings attended school. She studied art at various schools before enrolling in the Art Institute of Chicago and later the Art Students League in New York City. She then worked as a commercial artist before attending classes at the University of Virginia. In order to gain teaching experience, she taught art in Amarillo between 1912 and 1914. The Texas Panhandle attracted her as an artist because of "the openness. The dry landscape. The beauty of that wild world."

In 1914, O'Keeffe returned to the East, studying at Columbia University in New York, and teaching in Virginia and South Carolina. At Columbia University, she met Arthur Wesley Dow, who greatly altered her vision of art. Influenced by east Asian painters and the British Arts and Crafts movement, he inspired her to approach painting in a more abstract manner.

O'Keeffe returned to Texas in 1916 as a faculty member at West Texas State Normal College, now West Texas A&M University, where she held classes in Old Main. Inspired by the landscape, particularly Palo Duro Canyon, she began incorporating themes from nature in her work, moving away from Representationalism. O'Keeffe showed many of her Texas pieces at Alfred Stieglitz's New York City gallery in 1917. The following year, she moved to New York and in 1924 married Stieglitz, a noted photographer. Both artists produced large bodies of acclaimed work. Following Stieglitz's death in 1946, O'Keeffe moved to New Mexico, where she continued to explore her creative vision and unique style, shaped in part by her Canyon years. Today, she remains a major influence in American Art.

(Education • Arts, Letters, Music) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.

Buffalo Courts

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Texas, Randall County, Canyon
A unique community venture at West Texas State Teachers College during the Great Depression produced an architectural landmark. The project began in 1933 and used student labor, community donations, and state and federal funding. Limestone, petrified wood and other rock was quarried in Texas and New Mexico. The complex included a fieldhouse, athletic dormitories, an outdoor swimming pool, stone walls and stadium bleachers. Much of the facility was later razed; only the two-story recreation hall completed in 1941 remains standing. The facility has a petrified wood exterior, large stone fireplaces and staircase, and a second-story hardwood dance floor. In the 1980s, the alumni association moved its headquarters here.

Recorded Texas Historic Landmark – 2007
Marker is property of the State of Texas


(Notable Buildings) Includes location, directions, 3 photos, GPS coordinates, map.
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